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高考英语非谓语动词用法详解,下面一起来看看本站小编翅膀英语给大家精心整理的答案，希望对您有帮助
在句中充当除了谓语以外的各种句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词有三种形式：不定式，-ing分词和-ed分词。它同谓语动词的区别在于，谓语动词即作谓语的动词，有人称、数的变化，有时态、语态和语气的变化；而非谓语动词不能做谓语，因而没有人称、数的变化，但仍具有动词的特征即有时态和语态的变化，可以同否定词not连用，构成否定形式，可以带宾语，状语，补语。非谓语动词的名词，形容词，副词的特征；可用在句中做主语，宾语，补语，状语，和定语等。
一、不定式
分为带to的不定式和不带to 的不定式。不定式有时态，语态的变化
1. 一般式：不定式所表示的动作和谓语动词所表示的动作或状态同时发生或几乎同时发生或存在。但多数情况下是在谓语动词所表示的动作之后发生。
e.g.: They often watch us play football. (同时)
She hopes to go there again. (之后发生)
2. 完成式：不定式所表示的动作或状态发生在谓语动词所表示动作或状态之前。
e.g.: I'm glad to have seen your mother yesterday. I'm sorry to have kept you waiting.对不起让你久等了。
关于不定式的一般式和完成式的用法，有以下几点值得注意：
1）表目的，通常用不定式的一般式，很少用它的完成式
e.g.: He worked very hard (in order) to finish the work by five.
All these gifts must be mailed immediately so as to be received in time for Christmas.
To complete the project in time, the staff were working at weekends.
2）在seem to, appear to, 以及say, report, think, consider, believe, assume, expect, suppose, understand等表示"据说"之类意义的动词后用不定式的完成式，表示一个动作先于另一个动作发生，这种结构也可用it作形式主语表示e.g.:
The novel is believed to have been translated into Chinese.=It is believed that the novel has been translated into Chinese.
The little girl showed no anxiety before the competition. She seems to have prepared it pretty well.=It seems that she has prepared it pretty well.
Her dress has become loose. She appears to have lost weight.
--Is Bob still performing? --I'm afraid not. He is said to have left the stage already as he has become an official.
这两种句式转换时，不定式的时态要看它的动作是先发生还是后发生，不定式动作先发生则用完成式，后发生或同时发生都用一般式
e.g.: It is often said that human beings are naturally equipped to speak.=Human beings are often said to be equipped to speak.
这种句式还常见于定语从句中，e.g.: The crowd cheered wildly at the sight of Liu Xiang, who was reported to have broken the world record in the 110-meter hurdle race.
Police are now searching for a woman who is reported to have been missing since the flood hit the area last Friday.
3)有些动词如hope, expect, think, intend, mean(=intend), suppose, want等用"过去完成时+不定式一般式"表示过去未曾实现的希望、打算或意图 e.g.: I had intended to write to you.
在should (would) like, would love 等后，完成式表示没有实现的愿望
e.g.: I should like to have seen her face when she read the letter.
3. 进行式：1）当谓语动词的动作或状态发生时，不定式动词所表示动作正在进行时，用进行式。
e.g.: They seemed to be talking about you. He pretended to be sleeping.
2）不定式的进行式表示将来。 He is believed to be coming.
3)不定式的进行式表示逐渐地变化 The weather seems to be improving.
不定式的被动语态。在下列情况下要用被动语态
(1) 当句子的主语是这个不定式所表示动作的承受者。
e.g.: She is glad to be taken to the Great Wall.
This book is said to be put into English.
(2) 当不定式所修饰的名词是此不定式的逻辑宾语且句中又没有它的逻辑主语时。
e.g.: He wanted the letter to be typed at once.
(3) 当句子的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语时，且不定式本身又带有一个宾语时，
e.g.: She is too nervous to be told such a bad news.
I'm glad to be given a gold ring.
(4) 当句子的主语和表语指同一人或物，不定式修饰这个表语名词时，且与这个名词有动宾关系时。
e.g.: He is a man to be trusted
(5) 不定式做定语，且与所修饰的名词有动宾关系时。
e.g.: The plan to be made is a five-year plan.
不定式的主动语态表示被动含义。
（1） 当不定式与最近的名词（代词）有动宾关系，且与句中另一个名词（代词）有主谓关系。
e.g.: He has nothing to eat. (He eats nothing)
I'll give you a book to read. (You'll read a book)
（2） 当不定式在"主+表（形容词）"结构中做状语，且句中主语是这个不定式的逻辑宾语时。
The text is easy to recite.
(3) 当不定式修饰there be /here be 引导的句子中的主语时。
There are two tractors to repair.
Here is a baby to take care of.
注：在there be 结构中，有时用不定式主动态与用不定式被动态含义不同。当说话人考虑的是必须有人去完成某件事时，不定式用主动形式；如果说话人强调的是事情本身必须被完成，则用被动形式。
There is a lot of work to do. (Someone has to do the work)
There is a lot of work to be done. (The work has to be done)
不定式的句法功能
1、作主语,一般表示具体的某次动作
直接做主语To help each other is good.
动词不定式做主语时，一般可用it 做形式主语，而把真正的主语不定式放在句尾。It is good to help each other. 但如果动词不定式做主语，句中又有一个动词不定式做表语时，就只用不定式直接作主语 To see is to believe （眼见为实）。
2、 作表语 主语是以aim, duty, hope, idea, intention, plan, job, suggestion, wish, purpose, task等为中心的名词词组或以what引导的主语从句表示，后面的不定式说明其内容，不定式作表语常表示将来或现在的动作或状态。
▲常常说明或解释主语的内容，在很多情况下不定式做表语可转化为做主语。
如：His job is to raise pigs=To raise pigs is his job
▲表示计划或安排
A new bridge is to be built over the river soon.不久这条河上要架新桥。
▲ 表示事态发展的结果，预期的结果，不幸的命运或预言。
You must speak out, if we are to remain friends. 如果我们想继续做朋友，你必须痛痛快快的把话说出来。
▲ 表示情态意义，相当于can, could (可能), should, ought to（应该）, must (必须)
The books are not to be sold.
He is nowhere to be found.
▲ 表示"同意，命令，决定，劝告，意愿，禁止"等
You must be patient if you are to succeed. 要想成功，必须有耐心。
In such dry weather, the flowers will have to be watered if they are to survive.
不定式在系动词be 之后做表语与将来时的be+动词不定式结构有所区别。
！）Our plan is to set up another middle school.
句中的谓语动词是is ,动词不定式to set up 为表语，主语为plan,并不是不定式的逻辑主语，即动词不定式to set up 所表示的动作不是主语plan 产生的。
！） We are to set up another middle school.
整个结构为句中谓语，主语为we，同时也是动词不定式to set up 所表示的动作的逻辑主语，即动词不定式to set up 所表示的动作是we 产生的。
3、 作宾语
1) 一般来说，不定式只做动词的宾语，但介词except, but后可接不定式做宾语。
She wishes to be a musician.
Peter's not going anywhere except to work.彼得除了上班之外哪也不去。
特别提示：某些动词后须跟不定式to do 做宾语
afford（有足够的金钱或时间做...）；agree（同意）；ask（要求做）；attempt（尝试做，试图做）； beg（恳求）；choose（选择）；decide（决定）；demand（要求）；desire（希望）；determine（决定）；expect（期望）；fail（未能）；happen（碰巧）；hate（不喜欢做...）；help（帮助）；hope（希望）；learn（学习）；long（渴望）；manage（设法做好）；offer（提议）；prefer（喜欢）；pretend(假装)；prepare(准备)；promise（允诺）；refuse（拒绝）；remain（尚待）；seem（好像）；want（想要）；wish（希望）；wonder（感到奇怪）某些结构后面接省to的不定式：would /had rather do, had better do, do nothing but do,
2)用代词it作形式宾语，而把真正的宾语不定式结构放在句尾。需用it代不定式作宾语的动词有：find, make, think, consider, feel 等。
He feels it his duty to say that you are wrong.
3)有些动词后可用"疑问词+不定式"做宾语，常用的动词有：decide, discover, forget, inquire, know, learn, see, think, wonder.
e.g.: we don't know where to go.
4 、作宾语补足语
1）可接不定式做宾补的动词有：advise（建议）；allow（允许）；ask（请求）；beg（乞求）；cause（导致）；choose（选择）；consider（认为）；drive（驱使）；encourage（鼓励）；enable（使能够）；expect（期望）；forbid（禁止）；force（强迫）；get（使）；help（帮助）；invite（邀请）；intend（打算）；like（喜欢）；order（命令）；permit（允许）；persuade（劝说）；prefer（喜欢）；request（请求）；require（要求）； remind（提醒）；teach（教）；tell（告诉）；want（想要）；warn（警告）；wish（希望）；think（认为）；trouble（麻烦）....
e.g.: Tell the students not to play on the street.
The teacher advised us to have a rest first.
2）动词let, have, make, notice, watch, observe, feel, hear, listen to, see, look at.等后用省去to的不定式做宾补，如改为被动语态，省掉的to 要加上。
e.g.: I heard Mary sing last night. Mary was heard to sing last night.
3) tell, advise, show, teach 等还可接连接代词/连接副词+不定式作宾补。
e.g.: The old driver showed me how to drive the car.
4) think, consider, believe, suppose, know, feel , find understand, declare, imagine, take 等动词接不定式做宾补，但这个不定式多为to be +adj./ adv./ n.，to be可省略
e.g.: We thought him to be a naughty boy.
He felt the plan to be practical.
5、 作定语
常接不定式作定语的名词有ability, agreement, ambition, anxiety, attempt, decision, determination, failure, intention, hope, need, plan, promise, tendency, threat, wish等。
the first, second, last, only, best等序数词、最高级及no, all, any等限定的中心词后常接不定式作定语，e.g.: He is always the first to come and the last to leave.
不定式做定语和它所修饰名词存在三种关系。
1) 动宾关系：不定式所修饰的名词是这个不定式的逻辑宾语。
e.g.: I want something to eat.
He had a meeting to attend.
注：如果这个不定式是vi.，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点，工具等，不定式后面要加必要的介词。
e.g.: -- I would like to buy an expensive camera. -- Well. We have several models to choose from.
如果被不定式修饰的名词为place, time, way，不定式后的介词习惯上可以省略。e.g.: The old man is looking for a quiet place to live.
2) 主谓关系：不定式所修饰的名词是这个不定式的逻辑主语（即动作的发出者）
e.g.: He is the first man to work out the problem.
3) 同位关系：不定式与所修饰的名词存在一种同位关系。可形成这种关系的名词有：way, need, time, plan, right, chance, opportunity, movement, reason, promise, wish, effort, struggle.
e.g.: Liu Mei is on her way to see a film.
4) 起限定作用，表示将来
e.g.: The question will be discussed at the meeting to be opened in Beijing.
6、作状语
不定式做状语时，其逻辑主语一般为句子的主语，否则用for引导逻辑主语。
1)跟在某些表示喜怒哀乐等感情的词后面表原因。
e.g.: I'm sorry to have troubled you.
He was surprised to learn how much she'd spent.
2) 作目的状语，用不定式的一般式，既可放于句首，也可置于句末；为加强语气，也可用"so as to do（只能放在句尾）"或"in order to do（可放在句首或句尾）"表目的。
e.g.: He gets up early to read English.
Many farmers fertilize their crops in order to make them grow more quickly. 许多农民上化肥为的是让作物长得更快。
3)作结果状语。通常置于谓语动词后面，所表示的行为通常发生在谓语动词之后。
▼ 不定式短语表示结果时，常于only, just连用，暗示一种"意外的结果，意想不到，不料"
He lifted a rock only to drop it on his own feet.
He hurried to the booking office, only to be told that all the tickets have been sold out.
▼ 不定式作结果状语（并非意外的结果）， e.g.: They lived to see the liberation of their hometown.
She woke early to find it was raining.
In 1935, he left home never to return. 他离家结果一去不复返。
常用于以下结构：so (adj /adv) as to...
such (n.) as to...
too...to...
enough...to...
I'm too tired to walk any further tonight.
My son is old enough to go to school alone.
Would you be so kind as to give me an early reply?
I'm not such a fool as to believe that.
注：在有些句子中，too...to... 可表示肯定含义。
▼too 前有only, never, not, all, but , just, simply时( only too, all too, but too)表"非常"。
I'm only too glad to see you.
▼ 不定式符号to前有not 时。
You're too sad not to cry.
▼too后接easy, happy, really, willing. glad, surprise, eager, anxious等表示心情或描述性的形容词时，
This book is too easy to understand.
7、不定式的否定形式： "not/ never+不定式"
My father told me not to skate on the lake.
Father told me never to see her again.
特别提示：不定式作目的状语时，否定形式不能用not to do sth.，应该用in order not to do sth 或so as not to do sth.
e.g.: I'm going to start now in order not to miss the beginning. 我现在就出发为的是不错过开头。
重点关注：
1．It is + adj for sb to do 或 It is adj of sb to do
我们常用for sb 或of sb.来做不定式的逻辑主语，什么情况下用for 或of，主要从以下两方面来进行区别：
1) for sb的句型通常使用表示客观情况的形容词。如: easy, difficult, hard, important, possible, impossible, necessary, unnecessary. Interesting等。如：
e.g.: It is important for us to express our opinions
It is hard for him to get rid of his bad habits.
2) of sb 的句型一般用表示人的性格品质、主观感情或态度的形容词，如：good, kind, nice, wise, clever, silly. stupid, foolish, right, wrong, careful, careless, polite, impolite, rude 等
e.g.: It is clever of him to leave that country.
It was very kind of you to come to help me.
2． 疑问词+不定式在句中起名词的作用，可做主语，表语，宾语，相当于由该疑问词引导的名词性从句。
e.g.: How to prevent from swimming in this river is a problem.
He will teach us how to study.
My question is when to begin the experiment.
We must think of what to do next.
3． 不定式符号to 保留问题
有时为了避免重复，可用to 代替前面的不定式，这种情况常出现在下列动词之后。
expect/ hope/ wish/ mean/ prefer/care/ forget/ want/ try/plan/hate...后或出现在be glad/happy/,would like/ love等的后面。
--Would you like to have some coffee?--Yes, I'd like to.
但是如果在省略的不定式结构中含有be, have, have been，这些词也要保留。
--Are you on holiday?--No, but I'd like to be.
--I didn't tell him the news.--Oh, you ought to have.
My father wanted me to be a lawyer, but I didn't want to be.
4．省去to的不定式
1)在had better, would rather, would rather/ sooner ... than, might (just) as well, cannot ... but, why (not)等结构后的不定式，不定式符号常省略
e.g.: I'd rather/ sooner stop now.
I cannot but agree to his terms.
We might as well not have a car at all.
2)rather than, sooner than后多用不带to的不定式（也见有用-ing分词）
e.g.: Rather than get money in such a dishonest way, he would beg in the streets.
Rather than wasting time playing cards as usual, I devoted every effort to making an advertisement.
He did the work by himself rather than ask/ asking for help.
3)but, except, besides, other than后作宾语的不定式，且介词之前有行为动词do，不定式符号to常省略。
e.g.: What do you like to do besides swim?
Now he had given himself no choice but to tell her.
4)当what引导的名词性从句作主语或all, everything等后接定语从句做主语，从句谓语部分含有行为动词do，做表语的不定式可以省略不定式符号to（也可保留）
e.g.: The only thing I can do now is (to) go on by myself.
5)两个或两个以上由and、or连接，作用相同的不定式并列使用时，除第一个外其余不定式的to可省略。
e.g.: She told the child to stay there and wait till she came back.
但两者若有对比关系时，每个不定式前都要加to.
To be or not to be, that is the question.
He hasn't decided whether to go home or to stay at school.
6)主语被不定式修饰时，不定式做表语时省略to.
The thing for you to do is face the facts.你要做的事是面对事实。
5．不定式在句中作为独立成分
有时不定式在句中作为独立成分出现，用来说明说话人的态度，一般来讲，人们已经把这些不定式作为固定词组或固定搭配来运用。
e.g.: He can't walk fast, not to speak of running.他走不快，更不用说跑。
Strange to say, his hair turned white during the night.说来奇怪，他头发一夜间变白了。
高考需记住的常用固定词组有：to tell ( speak, say) the truth (说实话吧)，to make a long story short（长话短说），to be brief （简而言之），to say nothing of（更不必说），not to speak of...（更不必说），not to mention...（更不必提），let alone (更不用说），strange to say（说也奇怪），to be exact（确切地说），to begin with（首先），to make things worse（更遭的是），to conclude (总而言之,最后)，to hear him talk（听他说话的口气）， so to speak（好比说）等等
二、-ing分词
动词-ing分词是由动词变化而来，既具有动词的一些特征，又具有名词、形容词、副词的句法功能。
1．动词-ing分词的形式：
（1）一般式： Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。
（2）被动式： He came to the party without being invited．他未被邀请就来到了晚会。
（3）完成式： We remembered having seen the film. 我们记得看过这部电影。
（4）完成被动式：
He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old.他忘记五岁时曾被带到广州去过。
（5）完成进行式：（这种形式高考很少会考察到）
Having been living in another city for two years, she misses her family very much.
（6）否定式：not + -ing分词
I regret not following his advice. 我后悔没听他的劝告。
（7）复合结构：物主代词（人称代词或名词及其所有格）+ -ing分词，在句中作宾语、介宾、主语，作状语即是通常所说的"独立结构"。
Do you mind my/me making a suggestion?
The discovery of new evidence led to the thief being caught.
His not knowing English troubled him a lot. 他不懂英语给他带来许多麻烦。
Mary's coming late made the teacher very angry.玛丽的迟到让老师很生气。
2．动词-ing分词的句法功能：
（1）作主语： （表一般或抽象的多次性的行为）
Reading aloud is very helpful. Collecting stamps is interesting.
Being misunderstood by others when you do nothing wrong at all is quite a bad experience.
当动词-ing分词短语作主语时，常用it作形式主语。It's no use quarrelling.争吵是没用的。
（2）作表语： In the ant city, the queen's job is laying eggs. 在蚂蚁王国，蚁后的工作是产卵。
The film being shown in the cinema is exciting. be + -ing既可能表示现在进行时，也可能是-ing分词做表语，它们的区别在于be + -ing表示进行的动作是进行时，而表示特征时是系动词be与现在分词构成系表结构。
-ing分词用于come, go, stand, sit, lie等少数动词之后,表示这两个动作同时发生
They stood talking to each other.
（3）作宾语：
They haven't finished building the dam. 他们还没有建好大坝。
We have to prevent the air from being polluted. 我们必须阻止空气被污染。
注意动词-ing分词既可作动词宾语也可作介词宾语，如上面两个例句。此外，动词-ing分词作宾语时，若跟有宾语补足语，则常用形式宾语it，例如：
We found it no good making fun of others. 我们发现取笑他人不好。
要记住如下动词及短语只跟动词-ing分词作宾语：
enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid（避免）, excuse ,delay, imagine, keep, miss, consider, admit（承认）,deny（否认）, mind, permit, forbid, practice, risk（冒险）, appreciate（感激）, be busy, be worth, feel like, can't stand, can't help（情不自禁地）, think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent...(from), keep ...from, stop...(from), protect...from, set about, be engaged in, spend...(in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on, feel like
You can't imagine what difficulty we had walking home in the snowstorm.
allow, advise, forbid, permit, consider后接-ing分词作宾语；如后接名词或代词作宾语，应用不定式作宾补，即allow/ permit/ forbid/ advise/ consider doing sth.和allow/ permit/ forbid/ advise/ consider sb. to do sth.
（4）作宾语补足语：
see, watch, hear, feel, notice, observe, listen to, look at, find等表感觉和心理状态的动词、catch, leave, get, keep, set, start, have等表"致使"的动词后可跟-ing分词作宾语补足语,表示-ing分词动作与主句动作同时发生： e.g.: Can you hear her singing the song in the next room? 你能听见她在隔壁唱歌吗？
He kept the car waiting at the gate. 他让小汽车在门口等着。
还用在regard...as、describe...as、accept...as、think of...as等结构中
They described the little girl as being very clever.
（5）作定语：
①-ing分词作定语，表示被修饰的名词的用途。He can't walk without a walking-stick. Is there a swimming pool in your school?
当-ing分词单独做定语时，放在所修饰的名词前；如果是-ing分词短语做定语放在名词后。
②表示正在进行的动作、经常性或习惯性动作或现在（当时）的状态，相当于一个定语从句。
In the following years (=in the years that followed), he worked even harder.
The man speaking to the teacher (=who is speaking to the teacher) is our monitor's father.
（6）作同位语：
His habit, listening to the news on the radio, remains unchanged.他收听收音机新闻节目的习惯仍未改变。
（7）作状语：（作状语时其逻辑主语与主句的主语一致，否则，需在分词前加上逻辑主语构成独立逐个结构）
①表时间： (While) Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker.
②表原因： Being a League member, he is always helping others.
③表行为方式或伴随状况： He stayed at home, cleaning and washing.
Alice stopped speaking as if waiting for him to speak.
④表条件： (If) Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time.
⑤表结果： He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces.
⑥表让步： Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon.
Weighing almost 100 pounds, the stone was moved by him alone.
⑦与逻辑主语构成独立主格结构： I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my heard．
All the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly.
Time permitting, we'll do another two exercises.
有时也可用with (without) +名词（代词宾格）+-ing分词形式 With the lights burning, he fell asleep.
⑧作独立成分（垂悬分词）：
Frankly speaking（坦白地说），seeing（考虑到），considering/ taking ... into consideration（考虑到），supposing/ providing＝provided/ assuming（如果，假使）
Judging from(by) his appearance, he must be an actor. 从外表看，他一定是个演员。
Walking or sleeping, the subject was always in my mind.
Generally speaking, girls are more careful. 一般说来，女孩子更细心。
3. 下列句型用-ing分词 It is/ was
You have no business talking to me the way you did yesterday.
It's great fun doing sth.
It's worthwhile doing sth.
There's no sense in doing sth. (做某事没有道理)
It's a waste of time doing sth.
There's no point (in) doing sth. (没有做某事的必要、理由、意义)
see no point (in) doing sth. (发现做某事没有必要、理由、意义)
三、-ed分词
-ed分词只有一种形式：规则动词由动词原形加词尾-ed构成；不规则动词的-ed分词没有统一的规则要求，要一一记住。 及物动词的-ed分词表示"被动"、"完成"意义，不及物动词的-ed分词表示"主动"、"完成"意义。
1. -ed分词的句法功能：
1)作定语： Our class went on an organized trip last Monday.
The first mammal cloned from an adult cell was Dolly the sheep.
Those elected as committee members will attend the meeting.
注意当-ed分词是单词时，一般用于名词前，如果是-ed分词短语，就放在名词的后面。-ed分词做定语相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。
2)作表语： The window is broken. 窗户破了。
They were frightened at the sad sight. 他们对眼前悲惨的景象感到很害怕。
注意：be + -ed分词，如果表示状态是系表结构，如果表示被动的动作则是被动语态。区别：
The window is broken.（系表）
The window was broken by the boy.（被动）
不及物动词的-ed分词是不能表示被动的，它们的-ed分词只表示"完成"、"过去"。这类过去分词有：gone, come, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed等。 如：
boiled water（开水）/ fallen leaves（落叶）/ newly arrived goods（新到的货）/ the risen sun（升起的太阳）/ the changed world（变了的世界）
The ground is covered with fallen leaves. 地上铺满了落叶。
At present China is still less developed than most of western countries. 目前中国还没有多数西方国家发达。
Eating boiled eggs will do you good. 吃煮鸡蛋对你的身体有好处。
-ed分词用于come, go, stand, sit, lie等少数动词之后,表示这两个动作同时发生
The boy sat at the table buried in his homework.
3)作宾语补足语（句子的宾语就是其逻辑主语）
I heard the song sung several times last week. 上周我听见这首歌被唱了好几次。
He found it hard to make himself understood.（have, make＋宾语＋-ed，该分词动作是由别人做的而不是句子主语自己做的）
有时-ed分词做with短语中的宾语补足语(独立结构)，e.g.: With the work done, they went out to play.
4)作状语：
Shocked by the article, the woman wrote a letter to the newspaper. （表示原因）
Once seen, it can never be forgotten.（表示时间）
Given more time, I'll be able to do it better.（表示条件）
Though told of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy.（表示让步）
The teacher came into the lab, followed by some students. （表示伴随）
2. -ed分词的否定（not，never等）要放在过去分词前面。如：
Not given enough time, I had to give up halfway.
3. 修饰分词的副词一般置于分词的前面。如：
Greatly encouraged by the story, we are determined to do our best for the country.
4. -ed分词还可以与其它词组成合成形容词。
1）副词＋-ed分词：well-educated（受过良好教育的），ill-treated（受到恶劣对待的），overused（被滥用的），homemade（家制的），underdeveloped（欠发达的），overdeveloped（过度开发的），well-loved（备受喜爱的），little-known（鲜为人知的），well-accepted（普遍接受的）
2）名词＋-ed分词：hand-made（手工制作的），man-made（人造的），handwritten（手写的）
3））另外还有，形容词（或名词）＋名词＋-ed的形式：kind-hearted（心地善良的），absent-minded（心不在焉的）， warm-blooded（<动物>温血的；易激动的），empty-handed（空手的）
形容词化的-ed分词与-ing分词
有些动词的-ed分词和-ing分词已经变成了形容词，这类动词的往往与人的心理感受有关，如：
amaze（使吃惊）- amazed - amazing; excite（使兴奋）- excited - exciting, please（使满意）- pleased - pleasing, thrill（使紧张）- thrilled - thrilling等。这类-ed分词表示：
①"感到......的（having the feeling of ）"，表示人的感受，例如：
The public was shocked at his intention to clone a human. 公众对他克隆人的意图感到震惊。
The disappointed parents gave a wry smile.（感到）失望的父母苦笑了笑。
②流露出......的（showing the feeling of），用来形容人的"表情、眼神"等，常修饰像look, expression, eye等名词，如：
The audience wore a bored look on their faces. 听众脸上挂着厌烦的表情。
-ing分词则表示"令人（感到）......的（giving the feeling of），多修饰表示事物的名词，但也不尽然，在特定的语境中要多加推敲。如：
The result is disappointing. 结果令人失望。
They rejoiced at the exciting news. 他们对这令人兴奋的消息欣喜若狂。
试比较：the disappointed boy（感到）失望的男孩（意思是说这个男孩感到失望）
the disappointing boy 令人失望的男孩（意思是说这个男孩令人失望）
三、图解分词（分词各种形式的比较）
在多数情况下，-ing分词表示"主动"、"进行"的含义； -ed分词表示"被动"、"完成"的含义；
如果是"被动"但又是"进行"，那么就用"-ing分词的被动式"，"-ing分词的被动式"一般用作定语。
如果是"主动"但又是"完成"，那么就用"-ing分词的完成式"，"-ing分词的完成式" 一般用作状语。
-ing分词的被动式 the bridge being built 正在（被）兴建的桥
主动 ＋ 进行 ＝-ing分词 the workers building the bridge 正在建桥的工人
被动 ＋ 完成 ＝-ed分词 the bridge built 已（被）建成的桥
-ing分词的完成式 Having built the bridge, the workers were allowed some days' leave. 建完了桥后，...
独立主格结构
当分词的逻辑主语与主句主语不一致时，常采用独立主格结构，即带主语的分词，在句中一般作状语，
1）表时间：Her homework done, Mary decided to go shopping.
2）表原因：There being no bus then, he had to stay for another day.
3）表条件：Weather permitting, we'll go to play basketball.
4）表伴随：He sat at the table, head down.
(也见作同位语、定语，高考很少会考察到。)
其基本形式为："名词或代词＋非谓语动词等"：
①n./pron. + -ing (-ing分词与n./pron.为主谓关系，表示该n/pron.主动进行的动作或状态)
The man lay there, his hands trembling.
有时-ing分词如是being、having been，在独立主格结构中可以省略，
e.g.: The weather (being) fine, we decided to go on an outing.
②n./pron. + -ed (-ed分词与n./pron.为动宾关系，表示该n./pron.被动完成的动作)
The girl lay on her back, her hands crossed under her head.
③n./pron. +不定式短语（不定式表将来）He suggested going for a picnic, Mary to provide the food.
④n/pron. + adj.短语（性质、状态等）The floor wet, we had to stay outside for a while.
⑤n/pron. + adv短语（状态）The meeting over, we all went home.
⑥n./pron. + prep短语The teacher came in, a book in his hand.
⑦"with/ without +宾语+宾补(-ing/ -ed/ 不定式/adj./ adv./ prep)"，在句中作状语、定语。
With so much work to do, I shall not be able to watch the match with you.
Without anything to eat, he died of hunger.
John received an invitation to dinner, and with his work finished, he gladly accepted it.
He likes reading with music on.
The woman with a baby in her arms is my aunt.
有时独立主格结构中名词前的修饰词可省略。e.g.: The boy sat quietly in the office, (his) eyes closed/ (a) book in (his) hand.
There be结构的非谓语形式
在句中作主语、宾语、状语。
1、作动词的宾语时，用there to be不用there being，常用这种结构的动词有expect, want, would like, intend, prefer, like, hate, mean等
He hates there to be long queues everywhere.
Ann never expects there to be a chance for her to be sent abroad very soon.
It's important for there to be a fire-escape.
但在let there be搭配中用不带to的不定式
Let there be no mistake about this. Don't let there be any noise.
2、作主语时两种结构皆可。There being a primary school here is a great convenience to the children.
3、作状语多用there being，但在介词for之后用there to be。
There being nobody else at hand, I had to do by myself.
It is too early for there to be anybody up.（太早了，还不会有人起床）
非谓语动词测验
1. He is very popular among his students as he always tries to make them _______ in his lectures.
A. interested B. interesting C. interest D. to interest
2. Every evening after dinner, if not ______ from work, I will spend some time walking my dog.
A. being tired B. tiring C. tired D. to be tired
3. So far nobody has claimed the money ______ in the library.
A. discovered B. to be discovered C. discovering D. having discovered
4. In April, thousands of holidaymakers remained _______ abroad due to the volcanic ash cloud.
A. sticking B. stuck C. to be stuck D. to have stuck
5. Jenny hopes that Mr. Smith will suggest a good way to have her written English _____ in a short period.
A. improved B. improving C. to improve D. improve
6. -- How are they getting on with their work? -- All goes well as ______.
A. to be planned B. being planned C. planned D. planning
7. A brilliant idea occurred to him, ______ to his research in the lab.
A. while devoting B. while devoting himself C. while he was devoted D. while devoted
8. The book mainly deals with the trouble teens might have ______ right from wrong.
A. distinguishing B. distinguished C. to distinguish D. to be distinguished
9. _______ from Milan Trenc's novel, the film Night at the Museum brings to life a world where dinosaurs wander the earth.
A. Adapted B. Adapting C. Having adapted D. To be adapted
10. When we visited my old family home, memory came _______ back.
A. flooding B. to flood C. flood D. flooded
11. -- Can those _______ at the back of the classroom hear me? -- No problem.
A. seat B. sit C. seated D. sat
12. ______ by a greater demand for vegetables, farmers have built more green houses.
A. Driven B. Being driven C. To drive D. Having driven
13. If there's a lot of work _____, I'm happy to just keep on until it is finished.
A. to do B. to be doing C. done D. doing
14. Lucy's new job paid twice as much as she had made _______ in the restaurant.
A. working B. work C. to work D. worked
15. Something as simple as _______ some cold water may clear your mind and relieve pressure.
A. to drink B. drinking C. to be drinking D. drunk
16. _______ and guilty, Maggie put the book back on the shelf she had secretly placed in her schoolbag.
A. Frightened B. Frightening C. Being frightened D. To be frightening
17. Each time invited to a dinner, she always refuses, ______ she has to take care of her baby.
A. to say B. saying C. says D. having said
18. It does make sense ______ after ______. You should cheer up and practice hard instead.
A. to complain; being defeated B. complain; defeating
C. complain; being defeated D. to complain; defeating
19. She couldn't help, even though she tried not to, _______ at the strange clothes her friend was wearing.
A. to laugh B. laugh C. laughing D. laughed
20. Exciting as its special effects are ______, there is too much violence in the film.
A. to watch B. to be watching C. watching D. being watched
21. -- What has made him upset recently?
-- ______ alone to face a troublesome milk case.
A. Left B. Being left C. Having left D. To leave
22. Because of the heavy sandstorm, we had to put off the visit until tomorrow to the exhibition of painting _______ in the nearby city.
A. to hold B. held C. holding D. being held
23. While building a tube through the mountain, _________.
A. an underground lake was discovered B. there was an underground lake discovered
C. a lake was discovered underground D. the workers discovered an underground lake
24. The traffic problems we are looking forward to seeing _______ should have attracted the government's attention.
A. solving B. solve C. to solve D. solved
25. -- Where were you yesterday? I didn't find you ______ the concert!
-- I had not been informed of _______ a concert.
A. attend; there to be B. attending; there being
C. attended; there be D. to attend; there been
26. If your composition _______ by the end of this week is delayed, you're sure to lose some points from your final result.
A. to be finished B. is finished C. will have been finished D. finishing
27. David apologized for _______ to inform me of the change in the plan.
A. his being not able B. him not to be able C. his not being able D. him to be not able
28. Ashley, _______ such cases, is sure instantly to come up with a brilliant idea.
A. experiencing B. having experienced C. to experience D. experienced
29. John received an invitation to dinner, and with his work _______, he gladly accepted it.
A. finished B. finishing C. having finished D. was finished
30. ______ local customs can often lead to misunderstandings when people go abroad.
A. Not having known B. Not to be known C. Not knowing D. Not to have known
31.Nearly half a million people are believed ______ their homes as a result of the disaster in the past months.
A. to leave B. to be left C. to be leaving D. to have left
32. The silence of the library is sometimes broken by a sudden cough or the sound of pages _____.
A. turning B. turned C. being turned D. having turned
33. ______ the working efficiency, the boss allows the employees to have a coffee break.
A. Improving B. To improve C. Having improved D. Improved
34. The glass doors have taken the place of the wooden ones at the entrance, ________ in natural light during the day.
A. to let B. letting C. let D. having let
35. The country has already sent up three unmanned spacecrafts, the most recent at the end of last March.
A. has been launched B. having been launched C. being launched D. to be launched
36. ______ from the top of the tower, the south foot of the mountain is a sea of trees.
A. Seen B. Seeing C. Having seen D. To see
37. The retired man donated most of his savings to the school damaged by the earthquake in Yushu, _______ the students to return to their classrooms.
A. enabling B. having enabled C. to enable D. to have enabled
38. ______ the right kind of training, these teenage soccer players may one day grow into international stars.
A. Giving B. Having given C. To give D. Given
39. Feeling more and more pressure from the environment _______, the government has decided to close down the factories pouring out poisonous chemicals.
A. polluted B. having polluted C. being polluted D. having been polluted
40. Technologically _______, China's Change project does better than any earlier project of the same kind.
A. speaking B. spoken C. speak D. to speak
41. The message is very important, so it is supposed _______ as soon as possible.
A. to send B. to be sent C. being sent D. sending
42. Don't respond to any e-mails ______ personal information, no matter how official they look.
A. searching B. asking C. requesting D. questioning
43. He hurried to the booking office, only ______ that all the tickets has been sold out.
A. to be told B. to tell C. told D. telling
44. You have no business______ to me the way you did yesterday.
A. about talking B. talking C. talked D. on talking
45. We must treasure every minute because______ time is ______forever.
A. lost; losing B. lost; lost C. losing; losing D. losing; lost
46. --The plan is heard _______ so well that we don't have to make any changes.
-- It is indeed.
A. to design B. designing C. designed D. design
47. The woman found it no good ____ her daughter too much money.
A. giving B. being given C. given D. gave
48. Her dress has become loose. She appears ____ weight.
A. to lose B. being lost C. losing D. to have lost
49. The purpose of new drugs used on patients is to make them less painful, _______ them more terrible.
A. not make B. not to make C. not making D. do not make
50. -- I would like to buy an expensive camera.
-- Well. We have several models ____.
A. to choose from B. of choice C. to be chosen D. for choosing
1-10ACABA CCAAA；11-20CAAAB ABACA
21-30BDDDB ACBAC
31-40DCBBB AADCA
41-50BCABB CADBA
英语八大时态：
01
一般现在时
标志：动词原形
1. 表示经常性或习惯性动作，常与表频度的时间状语连用：
She often speaks English.
I leave home for school at 7 every morning.
2. 表示现在的状态、特征、职业、能力、感觉等：
He seems to feel a bit down today.
He works as a driver.
3. 表示真理、客观存在、科学事实或用于格言警句中：
Shanghai lies in the east of China.
Columbus proved that the earth is round.
Where there is a will, there is a way.
4. 表示现在瞬间的动作：
Here comes the bus!
5. 表示将来
1) 表按规定、计划、安排将要发生的动作（仅限于某些表示“来、去、动、停、开始、结束、继续”等的趋向动词），可以与表示未来的时间状语搭配使用。常见的用法是：飞机、火车、轮船、汽车等定期定点运行的交通状况。如：
The next train leaves at 3 o’clock this afternoon.
How often does the shuttle bus run?
2) 在时间和条件状语从句中常使用一般现在时表示将来发生的事情：
When Bill comes (不用will come), ask him to wait for me.
I shall go there tomorrow unless I’m too busy.
02
一般过去时
标志：动词过去式
*闭音节：元音字母a, e, i, o, u如果发字母本来的音则称为开音节，否则称为闭音节。
1. 表示过去某时所发生的动作或存在的状态，常与表示过去的时间状语连用（e.g. yesterday, this morning, just now, a moment ago, in May, last night / year / week, once upon a time, the other day, before …, when …, in the past等）。如：
Jim rang you just now.
Liu Ying was in America last year.
2. 表示过去经常或反复发生的动作，特别是used to do表达的句型，本身表示的就是过去常常。如：
When I was a kid, I often played football in the street.
She used to visit her mother once a week.
*注意区分sb. used to do sth.（某人过去常常做某事，此处to是动词不定式标志符号）和sb. be used to sth./doing sth.（某人习惯于某物/做某事，此处to是介词）。
3. 代替一般现在时，表示一种婉转、客气、礼貌、商量的语气。此用法仅适用于少数动词（如want, hope, wonder, think, intend等）及情态动词could, would。如：
I wondered if you could have a word with me.
I hoped you could help me with my English.
Would you mind my sitting here?
4. 虚拟语气中用一般过去时表示现在或将来时间的动作或状态。常用句型有：
It is time that sb. did sth. “某人该做某事了”
would rather sb. did sth. “宁愿某人做某事”
03
一般将来时
标志：will / shall + 动词原形
1. 表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态，通常与表示将来的时间状语连用（e.g. tomorrow, next week, in the future等）。如：
We shall have a lot of rain next month.
My husband will come back in a few days.
2. 表示倾向性和习惯性：
Fish will die without water.
When it gets warmer, the snow will start to melt.
3. 一般将来时的几种句式结构辨析：
1) will / shall + 动词原形
多用于表达主观愿望或必定会发生的事情（“将会如何”）
*shall作助动词时一般只用于第一人称
2) be going to + 动词原形
表示即将发生或打算要做的事：
It is going to rain.
We are going to have a meeting today.
3) be to + 动词原形
表示按计划或安排即将要发生的动作：
He is to visit Japan next year.
We are to discuss the report on Monday.
4) be about to + 动词原形
表示即将发生的动作，意为“马上要做某事”，后面一般不跟时间状语，如：
The plane is about to start.
Don’t worry. I am about to make a close examination on you.
04
现在进行时
标志：be + 动词的现在分词
1. 表示说话时正在进行的动作：
She is writing a letter upstairs.
Who are you waiting for?
It is raining hard.
2. 表示现阶段一直在进行的动作（说话时动作未必正在进行）：
I hear Mr. Green is writing another novel.
3. 表示反复出现或习惯性的动作，往往包含说话者赞扬、责备、厌恶等情绪，通常与always, constantly, continually, forever等频度副词连用。如：
John is forever asking silly questions like a stupid.
He is always thinking of others first.
4. 表示将来
1) 表示按计划、安排将要发生的动作，仅适用于部分趋向动词（如go, come, leave, start, arrive等）。如：
Uncle Wang is coming.
They're leaving for Beijing.
2) 在时间和条件状语从句中，现在进行时表示将来某时正在发生的事情。如：
Please drop in when you are passing my way.
If he is still sleeping, don’t wake him up.
05
过去进行时
标志：was / were + 动词的现在分词
1. 表示过去某一时刻或一段时间正在进行的动作，过去进行时中常用的时间状语有the whole morning, all day yesterday, from January to March last year等。如：
I was having a talk with Lucy at that time.
They were watching TV at home last night.
2. 表示过去反复出现或习惯性的动作，往往包含说话者赞扬、责备、厌恶等情绪，通常与always, constantly, continually, forever等频度副词连用。如：
My brother was always losing his keys.
3. 表示按计划、安排过去某时刻将要发生的动作，仅适用于部分趋向动词（如go, come, leave, start, arrive等）。如：
He said they were leaving for Beijing this afternoon.
4. 过去进行时有一个主要用法就是描述一件事情发生的背景（一个长动作延续的时候，另一个短动作发生）：
Granny fell asleep when she was reading.
It was raining when they left the station.
06
现在完成时
标志：have / has + 动词的过去分词
1. 表示一个过去发生并已完成的动作对现在产生影响或结果，强调的是现在的状况（表示“已完成”）。如：
He has left the city. （结果：他目前不在这个城市）
Someone has broken the window. （结果：窗户破了）
2. 表示一个动作开始于过去，持续到现在，也可能还会继续持续下去（表示“未完成”）。
I have been busy since last week.
He has taught in our school for 30 years.
I’ve finished half so far.
注意 瞬间动词通常是不能用现在完成时表持续性的，但其否定结构则可以。如：
She hasn’t seen you for ages.
His father hasn’t touched beer for a whole week.
3. 表示过去到现在为止反复发生的动作或多次出现的状态，常与表示频度的副词always, often, every day等连用。如：
I have often heard that he is the cleverest person in that company.
4. 在时间和条件状语从句中，现在完成时表示将来某时完成的动作。如：
I’ll go to your home when I have finished my homework.
If it has stopped snowing in the morning, we’ll go the park.
5. 与现在完成时连用的常见词语
能与现在完成时连用的词语很多，just, already, yet, before, never, ever, recently等，但常见的有：
1) since 自从
I have been there many times since the war.
We haven’t seen each other since last week.
We have been friends ever since.
2) in / for / during the past/last … years 在过去/最近…中
I’ve been ill for the past three weeks.
Great changes have take place in the last ten years.
I have been here (for) the last/past month.
3) so far 到目前为止
We haven’t had any trouble so far.
So far the search for the missing middle-aged woman has been fruitless.
4) up to/until now 到现在为止
Up to now he’s been quiet.
Up to now, the work has been easy.
I have heard nothing from him up till now.
Up till now we have planted over 2000 trees.
5) It is/will be the first/second … time that … 这是第一/二…次…
It’s the first time (that) I’ve been here.
It will be the first time (that) I’ve spoken in public.
It is the second time (that) I have met him today.
6) This is + 形容词最高级 + that … 这是最…
This is the best film that I’ve (ever) seen.
6. 现在完成时与一般过去时的区别
1) 现在完成时强调对现在的影响和结果，与现在有联系；
而一般过去时强调这个动作发生的时间是在过去，不涉及对现在的影响。如：
I have seen this film. （我已经看过了这部电影）
I saw this film yesterday. （我是昨天看的这部电影）
2) 现在完成时常与模糊的时间状语连用（如for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, always等），或者干脆没有时间状语；
而一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用（如yesterday, last night, …ago, in 1980, in February等）。
3) 现在完成时表示持续时一般使用延续性动词（如live, teach, work, know等）；
而一般过去时常使用瞬间动词（如begin, buy, die, marry等）。如：
He has lived in Hangzhou since last spring.
My grandfather bought the car five years ago.
7. 易错点辨析
1) 考生容易把一些瞬间动词用现在完成时表达，这是错误的。如：
(×) He has died for two years. 他死了两年了。
(√) He has been dead for two years.
(√) He died two years ago.
(×) The film has begun for 10 minutes. 电影开演十分钟了。
(√) The film has been on for 10 minutes.
(√) The film began 10 minutes ago.
(×) She has married for three years. 她结婚有三年了。
(√) She has been married for three years.
(√) She married Mike three years ago.
2) 考生不懂如何区分have been to和have gone to，尽管两者均可后接地点，但have been to表示去过某地（现在已经回来了），have gone to表示到某地去了（现在还没回来）。如：
She has been to Paris (three times).
She has gone to Paris.
07
过去完成时
标志：had + 动词的过去分词
1. 表示在过去的某个时间或动作以前已经发生的动作或已经存在的状态。如：
By the end of last week he had finished the work.
He had left when I arrived.
2. 表示从过去某一时间开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态。如：
We had not seen each other since I left Beijing.
The film had been on for 5 minutes when I got to the cinema.
3. 某些表意向的动词（如intend, think, plan, expect, hope等）的过去完成时表示主语未曾实现的愿望、希望、打算。如：
I had intended to visit you last night, but someone called and I couldn’t get away.
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn’t.
4. （虚拟语气）在条件状体从句或wish / would rather等后面的从句中，使用过去完成时表示与过去事实相反的主观愿望。如：
The party wouldn’t have been so perfect if you hadn’t come.
I wish I had gone with you to the concert that day.
5. 过去完成时与一般过去时
1) 基本区别：过去完成时表示以过去某时间为起点以前所发生的动作或存在的状态，即过去完成时强调“过去的过去”，而一般过去时只表示以现在时间为起点以前所发生的事情或存在的状态。如：
He studied there two years ago.他两年前在那儿学习（离现在两年）
He said he had studied there two years before.他说他两年前在那儿学习过。（离他说话时两年）
2) 特别注意：两个动作如果按顺序发生，又不强调先后，或者用then, and, but等连词连接时，多用一般过去时。如：
When she saw the mouse, she screamed.
My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it.
08
过去将来时
标志：would + 动词原形
1. 表示从过去某一时间来看将要发生的动作或存在的状态，一般用于主句为过去时的宾语从句中。如：
He said he would come here next Friday.
I knew that he would help us when we were in trouble.
2. 表示过去的动作习惯或倾向：
The old man would sit on a bench in the quite park for hours without doing anything.
When I worked on that farm, I would get up at 5 am.
3. 用于虚拟语气中：
If I were you, I would not do that.
If he were here, he would show us how to do it.
4. 过去将来时的其他形式
1) was / were going to + 动词原形。如：
He told us that he was going to attend the meeting.
She said that I was going to be sent to meet her at the railway station.
2) was / were to + 动词原形。如：
The building was to be completed next month.
Li Lei was to arrive soon.
3) was / were about to + 动词原形。如：
We were about to leave there when it began to rain heavily and suddenly.
He was about to have lunch when the bell rang.
1.happen , take place
二者都有“发生”的意思。
happen指事情的发生，往往带有'偶然'的意思。
It happens that I am free today. 恰好今天我没有事。
take place指事先安排或策划好而后发生，没有'偶然'的意思。
2. must, have to
must表示说话人的主观看法;而have to则表示客观需要。mustn\'t意为“不可以;不允许”;don\'t have to意为“不必”。如：
(1)My father had to work when he was ten years old。
(2)The play is not interesting. I really must go now。
3. arrive , reach , get to
三者都有“到达”之意。
reach为及物动词。They reached Tianjin yesterday.
昨天他们到达天津。
arrive为不及物动词，后面接介词in或at。
get to常用于口语，可代替前二者。
4.because , because of
二者均表示“因为”
because是连词，引导状语从句。
We stayed at home because it rained.
因为下雨，我们呆在家。
because of是短语介词，后面接名词性词语。
We stayed at home because of the rain .
因为下雨，我们呆在家。
5. in front of, in the front of
in front of…意思是'在……前面'，指甲物在乙物之前，两者互不包括;其反义词是behind(在……的后面)。
如：He walked in fount of me。
他走在我的前面。
There are some flowers in fount of the house。
房子前面有些花卉。
in the front of 意思是'在某一空间内的前部'，即甲物在乙物的范围之内;其反义词是at the back of…(在……范围内的后部)。
如：There is a big desk and a blackboard in the fount of our classroom。
我们的教室前边有一张大桌子和一块黑板。
Our teacher stands in the fount of the classroom。
我们的老师站在教室前
6. look , see , watch
三者都有“看”的意思。
look是看的过程。
I looked , but saw nothing . 我看了，但什么也没看见。
see是看的结果。
see a film看电影
see a play看戏(话剧)
watch是看移动的事物或定晴地看。
watch a football match看足球比赛。
watch TV看电视
7. sometime; sometimes; some time; some times
sometime是副词，可与过去时或将来时连用，表示'(在过去)某个时候'或'(在将来)某个时候'。
如：I saw him sometime in May。
some time多数情况下作名词短语，意为'一些时间;一些时候';它还可以作副词词组，用来表示一个未肯定的时刻，此时它可与sometime互换。
如：I\'ll be away for some time。
sometimes是一个表示时间频率的副词，意为'有时候'。
如：Sometimes I help my mother with the housework。
some times是'几次、几倍'之意。
如：They have been there several times。
8. how long, how often, how far, how soon
how long意为'多久、多长时间'，主要是对一段时间进行提问，答语通常是(for)three days/weeks/months等时间段，它可用于各种时态。
How long do you stay in Beijing every year?
每年你在北京住多久?
how often意为'多久……次、是否经常'，用来提问在某一特定的时间进行某个动作的次数，答语通常是always，usually，often，sometimes，once/twice a day/month等。
How often do you get to school very early?
你多久早到校一次?
how far意为'多远'，对距离提问时用。How far is that? 那有多远?
how soon意为'还要多久'，是对从某个基本时间到将来某动作结束或某动作发生这段时间提问，常用在一般将来时态的句子中，其答语通常是'in + 一段时间'。
-How soon can you finish the work? 还要多久你能完成这项工作?
-In half an hour. 半小时后。
9. agree with，agree to，agree on
两者都有“同意”、“赞成”的意思。
agree with 后面常接表示人或意见(看法)的名词作宾语。agree with 还有“适合”、“符合”的含义。如：The climate here doesn\'t agree with him。他不适合这里的气候。
agree to 后面一般接表示提议、办法、计划之类的名词作宾语。
agree on就…达成一致的意见。
10. across , cross, crossing, through, past
1)cross 意为“横过， 穿过”为动词，相当于walk(go，run)across
Look both ways before you cross the road。
(2)across意为“横过，穿过”为介词，不作动词，不能作谓语，常放在动词之后，如：go across
He walked across the field。
(3)through 是介词，含有“从…中间穿越”之意，表示四周含有物体的穿越。
The ball went through the window。
(4)past既可作形容词也可作副词，做副词时有：“穿过，越过”之意。
Will you be going past my house on your way home?
(5)crossing意为“渡口，人行横道，(铁路与公路的)交叉点。
All the cars should stop before the zebra crossing。
11.on，in，with
(1)on：表示使用通讯工具、信息或传媒，乘坐交通工具等;
I don't want to talk about it on the phone。
(2)in：使用语言文字等媒介;
Can you speak it in English?
(3)with：借助具体的手段或工具。
Don't write it with a red pen。
12.at,on,in
at, on, in三者都可以表示'在……的时候'。
(1)at：表示在哪个时刻用;表示时间点。
I get up at six o'clock in the morning . 我早晨六点起床。
(2)On：表示在哪一天，哪一天的早上(下午、晚上);
on Wednesday , on Sunday morning , on May I , on a cold morning in 1936
(3)in：表示在哪一年(季、月)，在上午，下午等。
in September , in the morning , in the afternoon
13.few, a few; little , a little
虽然都表示“少”，但
·few, a few是可数的， little, a little是不可数的。
·a few, a little含肯定意味，few, little含否定意味。
(1) They have a little ink, don't they?
他们有一点墨水，是吗?
(2)They have little ink, do they?
他们几乎没有墨水，是吗?
(3)She has a few Chinese friends, doesn't she?
他有几位中国朋友，是吗?
(4)She has few Chinese friends, does she?
他几乎没有几位中国朋友，是吗?
(5)She has a little dog。她有一只小狗。
14.not … until, until
not … until 直到…才… (主句动词是短暂性动词)
(1)He didn't go to bed until his mother came back。。until 一直到… (主句中使用延续性动词)
(2)I study hard until it is midnight every day。
15. spend, pay, cost, take
(1)Sb. Spend … on sth. 某人花了…(时间、金钱)在某事上。
I spend ten yuan on the book。。
(2)spend (in) doing sth. 某人花了…(时间、金钱)做某事。
She spent two hours in drawing the house。
(3)Sb. pay …for …sth. 某人为某物花了…钱。
I paid 50 yuan for the clothes。
(4)Sth. cost sb. … 某物花了某人…钱。
It cost us five dollars。
(5)It takes/took sb. … to do sth. 花了某人…(时间、金钱)做某事。
It takes us ten minutes to brush my teeth every day。
16.too much, too many, much too
too much + 不可数名词 too many + 可数名词 much too + 形容词、副词
(1)There is too much milk in the basket。
(2) She ate too many biscuits yesterday morning。
(3) He runs much too quickly。
(4) The chair is much too expensive。
17.after , in
(1)After+时间段 表达过去一段时间以后，常用于过去时态的句子;
I received the letter after two days .
我是两天以后收到这封信的。
(2)After+时间点 表示将来一段时间以后，用于将来时态的句子。
He will arrive after four o'clock 。
(3)in+时间段 以现在为起点，表示将来一段时间以后，常用于将来时态的句子。
You will receive the letter in three days .
你三天以后将收到这封信。
18.ago , before
(1)ago立足于现在，表示从现在起，若干时间之前;ago 通常与一般过去时连用，不能与完成时连用;
I met him three years ago 。(距今)三年前，我遇到他。
(2)before立足过去，表示从过去某一时刻起，若干时间以前。before通常与过去完成时连用。
I had met him three years before 。
(距当时)三年前我见到他一次。
19.alone, lonely
alone是表语形容词，只能作表语用。
Though I am alone, I am not lonely。虽然我孤独一人，但我并不感到寂寞。
lonely除了有'孤独的'意思外，还有'寂寞的'意思。另外说明特点时还有“人迹稀少的”、“荒凉的”意思。
He was taken to a lonely house . 他被带到一个荒无人烟的房子内。
20.also , either , too , as well
also用于肯定句. You study English and I also study it。
你学英语，我也学。
either用于否定句，并放在句尾;
You don't study English and I don't study it either。
你不学英语，我也不学。
too和as well 用于肯定句，放在句尾，多用于口语。
例如：
You are a student and I am a student, too.
你是学生，我也是。
You know the way and I know it as well.
你知道路，我也知道。
21.as,when,while
When：可与一个点的时间或表示一段的时间连用，从句动词可以是短暂性或延续性动词。从句的动作和主句的动作可以同时，也同先于主句的动作。
Whentheteachercamein,thestudentsstoodup。
当老师进来时，学生们起立。
While：只指一段时间，不能指一点时间。因此while从句中的谓语动词必须是延续性动词。表示一段较长的时间或一个过程，主句和从句的动作同时发生。
Don'ttalkwhileyouareeating。吃饭时你不要说话。
As：主句和从句的动作同时发生，有时可译作“一边……，一边”。
22.begin,start
二者均可表示“开始”
一般可以通用，但start较为口语化。
Ithasbegun(started)raining。已经开始下雨了。
start还可表示“动身”、“开动”等意思，而begin则不能这样用。例如：
TheystartforBeijingtomorrow。他们明天动身去北京。
23.date,day
date指'日期'。What'sthedatetoday?今天几号?
day指'星期几',指二十四小时的一整天;也单指白天;也指重要的日子。
Whatdayistoday?今天星期几?
Therearesevendaysinaweek。一周有七天。
NationalDay国庆节
24.besides,except,exceptfor,but“除……之外”
besides的意思是'除…之外，还有…'是肯定的;包括，besides后面的宾语在内，含有'加上'的意思。
Ihavethreeotherpensbesidesthis。
除了这支笔外，我还有另外三支笔。
except(but)的意思是'除……之外，没有…'是否定的;不包括except后的宾语在内，含有'减去'的意思。
but用于'除了'之意时，只能用于noone,nobody,nothing,all,everyone,everything等词之后。
Everybodyishereexcept(but)Mary。
除了Mary之外，大家都来了。
except for的用法是在说明基本情况后，而在细节上加以纠正。except for有时可以与except互换，表示'除了……之外'，但位于句首时，不可以和except互换。例如：
Yourcompositionisgoodexceptforsomespellingmistakes。除了有几个拼写错误之外，你的作文很好。
besides意为'除了……之外，还有'except意为'除了……之外'，but用于'除了'之意时，只能用于noone,nobody,nothing,all,everyone,everything等词之后。
25.bring,take,fetch
bring是'带来'。
例如：Don't forget to bring adictionary with you。
别忘了把辞典带来。
take是'带去'。
例如：Please take the small blackboard to the classroom
请把这块小黑板带到教室去。
fetch是'去取'，'去拿来'。
例如：Please fetch me some chalk。
26.borrow,lend
二者都有'借'的意思。borrow是'借入'，lend是'借出'。例如：
Can I borrow your pen?我可以借你的钢笔吗?
Lend me your pen,will you?把钢笔借给我用用，可以吗?
27.finally,at last,in the end
它们都有'最后'、'终于'的含义。但用法不同。
finally用于动词之前，表示人们长期以来期待的某事最后实现了。
He tried many times and finally succeeded。
他试验了多次，最后成功了。
at last也有此义，但期待的感情更强烈一些。
At last he has understood it。最后他终于明白了这个。
in the end表示经过许多变化或周折，最后发生了某事。
例如：We made several different plans for our holiday, but in the end we had a summer campagain。
我们制定了好几种不同的度假方案，但最后我们还是选定了再来一次夏令营活动。
28.find,look for，find out
二者都有“寻找”的意思。
find是look for的结果。
What are you looking for?你在找什么?
look for是find之前的寻找过程。
Have you found your pen?你找到你的钢笔了吗?
Find out 指经过一番努力最终找到。
I found out she was wrong。我发现她错了。
29.join,take part in,join in
二者都有“参加”的意思。
join多指参加某组织、党派或社会团体，成为其中的一个成员。
He joined the League in1985.他在1985年入团。
joinin参加正在进行的竞赛、娱乐、谈话等活动。
如：join us in the match;
take part in指参加活动、群众性活动或会议，并在其中起一定作用。
The old man took part in the Long March。这位老人参加过长征。
30.dress , have sth. on , wear , put on
它们都有'穿'、'戴'的意思。但用法不同。
have sth. on表示穿戴的状态。
He had a straw hat on . 他戴了一顶草帽。
wear表示穿戴的状态。
She likes to wear the light green dress .
她喜欢穿浅绿色的衣服。
put on表示穿戴的动作.
You'd better put on your overcoat before going out 。出门之前你最好穿上大衣。
dress既表动作也表状态。
The mother is dressing her baby .
母亲正给她的婴儿穿衣服。
31.take care of, look after
take care意为“注意”，“当心”，“留心”。可以单独使用，也可以跟不定式或that从句。
Take care!The ice is thin。当心!冰很薄。
take care of意为“照顾”，“照料”，侧重于负有责任这一层意思，后面的宾语从句可以是人，也可以是某物，比较口语化。
Please take care of my house。请照看一下我的家。
look after 一般情况下可替换take care of，在意思上强调看管或照料，其宾语可以是物，但多数情况下是人或动物。
Will you look after my dog?请照看一下我的狗好吗?
32.whether，if
这两个连词都作“是否”解，引导宾语从句时，两者通常可以互换。
但在下列几种情况下，不可用if 代替whether。
1)当whether 与or not连成词组时。
I don't know whether or not they will come for our help。我不知道他们是否来帮助我们。
2)whether 用在不定式前面时。
She hasn't decided whether to go or not。
她还没有决定去还是不去。
3)whether引导的从句放在句首时。
Whether this is true or not,I can't say。
这是不是真的，我不说(或我说不准)
33.either ,either…or, neither, neither…nor,
both …and
either其意为“两者中的任何一个”。
There are many shops on either side of the street. 街道两边有许多商店。
either用在否定句的句末，表示'也'的意思。
If you don't go there, I won't, either.
如果你不去那里，我也不去。
either...or.。。意为'或者……或者……;不是……就是……'之意。表示两者之一，连接句子中两个并列的成分。
either...or.。。连接两个主语时，其谓语动词应与最近的一个主语在人称和数上保持一致，这就是我们通常说的'就近原则'。
Either you or I am going there tomorrow。
明天要么你去那里，要么我去那里。
neither作主语，表示“两者中没有一个”。
Neither of them likes football. 他们俩都不喜欢足球。
neither...nor.。。表示“既不……也不……”。其含义是否定的，可连接任意两个并列的成份。
She likes neither butter nor cheese.
她既不喜欢黄油也不喜欢乳酪。
当neither...nor.。。连接两个主语时，也应遵循“就近原则”。例如：
Neither dad nor mum is at home today.
今天父母都不在家。
若将neither...nor.。。句型变为肯定句，只需把neither...nor.。。改为both...and.。。即可，同时谓语动词必须用复数形式。
例如：Both dad and mum are at home today.
今天父母都在家。
34.have sb.do，have sb. or sth. doing，
have sth. done
have sb.do 作'使某人做某事'解，have 后作宾语补足的不定式通常不带 to。
have sb./sth.doing 与 have sb.do 的意思大致相同，只是现在分词作宾补强调动作在进行，而不定式作宾补只表示发生了某件事。试比较下面两个句子：
The boss had his workers working all day long。
那老板让工人们整天(不停地)干活。
The boss had his workers work fourteen hours a day。
那老板让工人们一天干14小时的活。
在 have sb.or sth.doing 结构中，have 如被否定，往往作“允许”、“容忍”解。
如：I won't have you saying such things。
我不允许你讲这样的话。
have sth.done 作“(有意识地)让别人替自己做某事”解，过去分词表示的动作赏由别人完成，宾语是过去分词所表示地动作的承受者。还可批无意识的被动行为，have 作“受到、遭受”解。
如：I had my pen stolen。我的钢笔被人偷了。
35.hear，hear of，hear from
hear 和hear of 都可解作“听说”，
hear 后面接宾语从句。hear 还可作“听见”，“听到”解，后面可以接名词，代词+不带to的不定式(或分词)的复合结构。
I heard him just now。我刚才听到了他说话。
I heard him singing in the next room。
我听见他在隔壁房间里唱歌。
hear of后面接名词，代词或动名词。I have heard of him。我听人提到过他。
hear from意为“收到……的信”，“得到……消息”。
例如：
How often do you hear from your father?
你每隔多久收到你父亲的信?
注意：hear from的主语是“人”，而不是“信”
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